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Author
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Topic: New Approach to Physis
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Edgar E. Escultura
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Member # 1878
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posted 26. February 2006 21:01
Chris and Mel,
I’d like to test my model of the formation of an atom and its heavy isotopes. Just after Cosmic Burst (sometimes called the second Big Bang in science magazines and journals) that occurred at about t = 1.5 billion years after the initial explosion of the Big Bang when the temperature of our early universe was still very high only simple prima existed. They formed what was called the quasars that peaked at about 2.5 billion years (Scientific American, 1983). They were bright and radioactive, the latter due to their primal-induced coherent fluxes. As the temperature declined, coupled prima formed such as the neutrino, proton, neutron and nucleons. Since the proton has net positive (counterclockwise) flux around it that forms a vortex (the proton lies in its cylindrical eye) with counterclockwise spin, it sucks matter around it. It becomes the nucleus of the lightest element, hydrogen. However, charged prima are repelled by the positive and negative components of the proton. Only the dark superstrings and neutrons get sucked and remain in the eye or nucleus. At the right temperature the electron is pulled by the vortex flux into orbit around the nucleus by flux-low-pressure complementarity. Neutrinos are also absorbed but they simply whiz by at great speed and do not remain in the nucleus. The suction is obviously just strong enough to hold as much as two neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, there are two heavier isotopes of hydrogen, H_2, H_3. In heavier atoms such as uranium the accumulated superstrings in the nucleus are converted to and released as prima and photons during nuclear fission (I’ll explain later what a photon is and what its wave-particle duality is due to).
In the cooler planets heavier nucleons form stochastically and the possible number of protons in the initial nucleon depends on the temperature and availability of the positive and negative quarks. The heavier planets having powerful and hot cores are mainly gaseous. I predict that heavier and more complex elements may form in the lighter and cooler planets of Pluto and Sedna depending on the availability of the quarks.
Eddie
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 27. February 2006 14:52
Chris and Mel,
Let me consider thermonuclear reaction this time. For over 50 years physicists have been trying to control this phenomenon. This is analogous to the search for the basic constituent of matter where, after over 50 years, it was nowhere to be found. In both cases the culprit is lack of adequate theory. The working hypothesis in thermonuclear reaction is that if two or more atoms of hydrogen are sufficiently pressed together they would merge into helium or other elements releasing energy in each case. Thus, the total energy released in an H-bomb explosion is much greater than the energy coming from the explosion of the trigger atom bomb in it. Immediately, I have these questions: (1) what law of nature is involved in fusing two atoms together? (2) Where does the extra energy released come from?
There is a law of nature that I shall state now because it is relevant to these questions.
Internal-External Factor Dichotomy. When one physical system with suitable internal structure interacts with another as suitable external factor, a process is unraveled the nature of which is determined jointly by the internal and external factors but the internal is principal over the external and the latter can affect the process only through the former.
This law, by the way, is also applicable to social science. In biology, the hen’s egg hatches into a chicken when heat is applied on it suitably as external factor. In physics it explains why the tuning fork when struck in any manner produces exactly the same quality of sound. In this case the trigger atom bomb is the external factor and the hydrogen nuclei are the internal factors. Clearly, the fusing of the two atoms in (1) violates this law. No law of atomic physics can explain the extra energy beyond that released by the explosion of the trigger atom bomb. The correct explanation is that the explosion of the trigger atom bomb agitates and converts the accumulated superstrings in the hydrogen nuclei into prima and photons. Then the lighter atoms tend to fuse; thus fusion comes after the release of energy. (In contrast, heavy atom is unstable and tends to split and release energy, e.g., uranium)
Eddie
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 02. March 2006 18:29
Mel,
I would like to share these conventional results that can be modified to apply to our new understanding of physics. In trying to solve the problem of the calculus of variations, L. C. Young, invented the generalized curve in 1937. In parametric form, it is determined by the space and derivative components, i.e., the pair (f(t),f’(t)). The semi-agitated superstring fits this model because it’s a helical curve. Then, together with Nowosad, he applied it again to the elementary particles of physics in 1983. The only needed modification is to use the space of functions over the new real number system. This is a new area that B. Ziegler has started.
References:
1) Young, L. C. (1937) Generalized curves and the existence of an attained absolute Minimum in the calculus of variations, Camp. Rend. Sac. Sci. Letter., Varsovie, Cl III, 30, 211 – 234.
2)Young, L. C. and Nowosad, P. (1983) Generalized curve approach to elementary particles, JOTA, 41(1), 261 – 273.
3) Zeigler, B.P "An Introduction to Calculus" Course Based on DEVS: Implications of a Discrete Reformulation of Mathematical Continuity",\presented at International Conference on Simulation in Education ICSiE'05, January 23-25, New Orleans, USA
4) Zeigler, B.P., "Continuity and Change (Activity) are Fundamentally Related in DEVS Simulation of Continuous Systems", Keynote Talk at AI, Simulation and Planning AIS'04, October 4-6, Kor
Eddie
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 04. March 2006 10:59
Mel and Chris,
One might wonder why prima have different charges. Non-agitated or semi-agitated superstring has infinitesimal induced flux and does not interact with other similar superstrings. The dark superstrings are stable and randomly oriented and serve as absolute frame of reference. However, once hit by suitable cosmic wave a semi-agitated superstring pops out into visible matter, its induced vortex flux [charge] becoming visible and is, therefore, aligned or oriented by the Earth’s gravitational flux. A positive primum as well as positive ion is so oriented that its north pole points to the North. A Negative primum or ion has opposite orientation but both of them are eddies on the Earth’s gravitational flux. By flux compatibility free positive primum or ion is pushed away from the ground by the Earth’s gravitational flux and free negative primum or ion is pushed to the ground. Thus, there is abundance of electrons on the ground but abundance positive ions in the clouds. When huge voltage emerges between them they crush towards each other and explode as lightning. Lightning is known to generate seismic waves that convert the superstrings in the mesosphere into earthlights [Pendick D., Fires in the Sky, Earth, June 1996, 20, 62 – 64]. Since the positron and positive quarks are lighter than the ion they might be found far into the higher atmosphere. This separation is an expression of energy conservation; without it anti-matter prima would explode each other.
Eddie
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 08. March 2006 01:20
Mel and Chris,
I would like to discuss cosmic waves this time but I’d like to first discuss waves in general. Vibration and wave are related; in fact, we can look at wave as vibration in motion. In either case, it is synchronized motion of opposite forces. Take a guitar string, for instance. If we pull it at the middle, there is tension against it coming from the pegs at both ends that stretch the string. The tension is pulling it back towards the equilibrium position. This will, in fact, be the case when we release it but momentum pushes it beyond the equilibrium position and the tension pulls it back, etc. The steady tension eventually puts the vibration to rest. Let’s consider water wave. When a piece of rock is thrown into a pool it will push the water molecules down the surface as the rock settles down the bottom. However, water pressure pushes them back beyond the surface, by momentum, at which time gravity pulls them back down below the surface, again, by momentum, etc. By resonance, the vibration of the water molecules at this spot induces vibration of the molecules around it causing the wave to propagate outward along concentric circles until the energy weakens, the waves flatten and disappear. The radial profile of a wave is sinusoidal, by energy conservation.
Every piece of matter vibrates being hit by cosmic waves at all times and its vibration is determined by its internal structure, by the internal-external dichotomy law. The atomic nuclei vibrate and propagate basic cosmic waves in dark matter in all directions. Since the atomic nuclei consist of fractal superstrings, basic cosmic waves are fractal sinusoidal waves of tremendous energy that penetrate any material barrier. Electromagnetic waves or type I cosmic waves are encoded basic cosmic waves or have riders such as photons. Examples of electromagnetic waves are basic cosmic waves encoded by radio signals or encoded by neural vibration called brain waves. In a sense, brain waves are encoded with thought if coming from the cortex of the brain. In fact the narrow gap between the tips of two neural dendrites lights up when one is thinking or experiencing sensation. The polygraph operates on the basis of brain waves. Recently, it was reported on Discovery Channel that thought can now operate the computer.
Two parallel cosmic waves have their crests opposite and pushi8ng against each other so that their synchronized motion propagate them outward also along concentric circles. Their radial profiles are sinusoidal. A primum or photon may ride on a cell of adjacent basic cosmic wave of suitable size formed by the arc of adjacent basic cosmic waves. A photon is primum that has broken away from its loop but retains its toroidal flux. Dark viscosity causes it to flatten into fine sinusoidal curve in the direction of flight. It is stable if its forward toroidal flux speed is equal to the speed of its carrier wave which is c, the speed of light. When these speeds are unequal, e.g., when the carrier wave passes through opaque barrier, the photon disintegrates, its toroidal flux dissipating back into dark matter. That is why light has no rest mass because we cannot catchand weigh it at rest. This is what happens in the earlier example of a beam of light in vacuum when turned off; the toroidal fluxes dissipate into dark matter.
My next post will introduce the two other types of cosmic waves, seismic or type II and type III.
Eddie
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 18. March 2006 16:10
Mel and Chris,
There is the impression that the flux theory of gravitation is pure theory quite remote from our lives. There is an array of new technology (involves conversion of dark to visible matter and energy) in existence and in the works. One is the magnetic train that runs on the basis of the flux compatibility law involving magnetic fluxes (of superstrings) on the rails and under the train. This technology is analogous to the steam engine invented before the science of thermodynamics was developed. The magnetic train was invented a decade before the first publication on the flux theory of gravitation in 1997 but probably conceptualized much earlier. There are other very practical inventions in the works that I can’t give details at this time including technology for full destruction of all cancer cells in the human body without injury to normal cells, aborting a nascent tornado and terminating one in progress (both on the basis of the flux-low-pressure complementary law), energy replenisher for buses that can be installed suitably along the main roads, e.g. beneath underpass (the bus simply runs through and gets automatically energized for several hours; does not stop) and electric power plant of any megawatts of power, again, based on dark to visible matter and energy conversion. Based on the determination of primal polarity by the Earth’s magnetic flux we can explain the abundance of electrons on the ground and positive ions in the clouds. It can be predicted that positive prima, being much lighter than the ions are pushed way up into the higher atmosphere (by flux compatibility law). It can be investigated whether the electron is the only carrier of electric current. Having the greatest charge among prima, it’s certainly the most effective carrier. This is being raised because we cannot account for the other negative prima which should also be pushed to the ground by the Earth’s gravitational flux.
Eddie
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 19. March 2006 05:51
Mel and Chris,
I want to repoert a new technology invented by my friend. Recall that cadmium absorbs neutrons and is used to regulate the power level of a nuclear reactor. Lead absorbs radiation and is used as a shield. My friend has invented what he calls electromagnetic radiation shield based on scattering. It is a thin material that can be worn like a piece of cloth by the technician doing work in a reactor. It can also be used a shield against intense magnetic flux which is harmful.
Magnetic levitation is a known phenomenon. This is due to the flux-low-pressure complementarity. A sufficiently light magnet with sufficient magnetic flux intensity and the right shape, e.g., discular with the two poles on each face, levitate. With the right stabilizer and guidance (by varying orientation with respect to the gravitational flux of the Earth and applying the flux compatibility law) it can be maneuvered to move within the gravitational flux of the Earth which extends far beyond the Moon. Beyond the Earth's gravitational flux it can be maneuvered also in the Sun's gravitational flux, etc. There is potential here for improving travel.
E. E. Escultura
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 22. March 2006 01:09
Mel and Chris,
Just as in math where we require existence to avoid vacuous proposition, axiom in particular, which is a source of contradiction, we take, as a law of nature, the occurrence of the Big Bang 12 billion years ago. It was an explosion of a black hole when hit by suitable series of cosmic waves that triggered divergent chain reaction (conversion of superstrings to kinetic energy) leading to the explosion. It occurred in dark matter of the boundless Universe. That primordial black hole was the destiny of the core of a previous universe.
The Big Bang formed a super...super depression bounded by an expanding wavefront called the Cosmic Sphere accelerated outward by the force of explosion. By flux-low pressure complementarity, there was an opposite inward force from its exterior. These two opposite forces trapped and compressed the superstrings between its inner and outer layers or boundaries. The most energetic cosmic waves from the Big Bang pierced the Cosmic Sphere and converted dark to visible matter outside. The less energetic ones bounced between the outer and inner layers and agitated the trapped superstrings but remained at most semi-agitated due to compression.
As the Cosmic Sphere expanded, combined with the outward pressure of the semi-agitated superstrings, it weakened and burst at t = 1.5 billion since the initial explosion. This event known as the second big bang in the literature must have been a lot more powerful than the Big Bang and agitated the previously trapped superstrings now scattered in the neighborhood of the Cosmic Sphere. Two dynamics started at this point: the evolution of the now agitated dark matter released from the Cosmic Sphere and the evolution of the super...super depression in its interior. Due to the high temperature at this time the agitated superstrings remained simple prima and formed th quasars, bright and radioactive (since simple prima are charged). The quasars peaked at t = 2.5 billion years from the Big Bang or 1 billion years from the cosmic burst. As the tempeture declined, the simple prima formed coupled prima such as neutrino, proton, neutron and simple nucleons, e.g., hydrogen and helium nuclei. Then the quasars evolved to galaxies with the cooling down of our early universe.
Eddie
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Christopher D. Beling
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posted 22. March 2006 04:45
Eddie you say:
quote:
we take, as a law of nature, the occurrence of the Big Bang 12 billion years ago. It was an explosion of a black hole when hit by suitable series of cosmic waves that triggered divergent chain reaction (conversion of superstrings to kinetic energy) leading to the explosion.
If this was true - then what was outside this black-hole? There must have surely been some space-time continuum for there to be "cosmic waves" impinging on the black-hole?
Does it not worry you that in suggesting that our universe derived from a previous one that you then get into an infinite regression of universes?
Sincerely, Chris
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Bruce Fast
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posted 22. March 2006 11:57
The greater puzzle to me seems to be that the universe is not only expanding, but that its expansion is accellerating. If the universe is the product of an exploding black hole, which itself was presumably the product of a prior universe, then why is it that all data suggests that we not only live in a universe that is precisely tuned to allow for life, but that this is apparently the last of a potentially infinitely long chain of universes.
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Christopher D. Beling
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posted 22. March 2006 19:19
Well Bruce thats an interesting question. But if I could play Devil's advocate for a while it could be:
(i) That there is a multiverse, and that each member universe originated from some "quantum fluctuation" in a preceding "mother" universe. Such would not preclude the possibility that all universes in the multiverse had the property of ending up in an acceleration phase like ours.
(ii) That there is a multiverse, such as described (i) - i.e. many mothers and many daughters, but instead that some fraction of the daughters (and mothers) end up with a cosmological constant that permits and accelerating phase (these just die out in a cold death) and the remaining fraction collapse into a "big crunch" (and thus become mothers). This multiverse would keep on increasing so long as the fraction of collapsing universes exceeded the fraction of accelerating universe.
[It seems that those that believe in the multiverse - do so inorder to increase the necessary probability resources - because they know the ultra tight specification a universe must have to permit life.]
Chris
[ 22. March 2006, 19:25: Message edited by: Christopher D. Beling ]
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 25. March 2006 00:25
Chris and Bruce
The flux-low-pressure complementarity insures that dark matter is timeless and boundless. We call this the Universe (with capital U). The Universe can have at most finite, therefore, bounded visible matter, hence, universes in it, to avoid Olber’s paradox. Recall that a black hole is a massive cluster of non-agitated superstrings nurtured and collected in the eye of a cosmological vortex. Thus, there is only one Universe with finite universes in it. Just as a non-agitated superstring becomes visible matter and back to dark (along alternative paths) a universe starts from dark matter, becomes visible universe and reaches its destiny as black holes back in dark matter (will discuss details later).
The Big Bang created a super…super depression bounded by an advancing wave front, the Cosmic Sphere, at accelerated rate due to the force of explosion, that weakened and burst at t = 1.5 billion years. This is verified as the second Big Bang but the original one isn’t because light coming from it had been scrambled or deleted by the Cosmic Burst. By flux-low-pressure complementarity the super…super depression evolved into a super…super vortex and, by the law of uneven development, nested fractal sequences of vortices or galaxies with the first term being a super…super galaxy, our universe.
Our universe is formed in a very special way triggered by a big bang. The usual formation of a galaxy is due to the steady shrinking of the superstrings, by energy conservation, combined with the law of uneven development. However, the only special feature of our universe is the initial formation of its super…super depression in the interior of the Cosmic Sphere. All other features like the nested fractal sets of minor vortices outside its eye and its further evolution after the Cosmic Burst are shared with ordinary galaxy formed in the usual way. An example of the latter is the Milky Way which we shall discuss later.
The present acceleration of our universe is due to the centrifugal force of spin impinging on the galaxies. Just after the cosmic burst our early universe was an isolated vortex with an eye that sucked matter around it. We shall now treat our universe as an ordinary galaxy. The whole vortex of superstrings around the eye forms its gravitational flux with the minor vortices as eddies on it. As matter, dark or visible, including the minor vortices falls into it along spiral streamlines (prominent in young galaxies) the power of spin rises, by momentum conservation. Again, flux-low-pressure complementarity, combined with dark viscosity and increasing spin, pulls and catapults dark matter and the minor vortices around the eye into a spin around it. Thus, as spin rises its influence expands. When the gravitational pull on a minor vortex is balanced by centrifugal force it orbits around the main eye (the law of uneven development makes perfect balance unstable and expresses itself as another law, universality of oscillation, radial oscillation in this case, which makes elliptical orbit). The effect of rising spin is to extend its influence farther and farther away from the eye pulling minor vortices into it. This rising influence of spin reaches its limit as the gravitational flux thins out due to gravity. Then the minor vortices become independent of the core. This is the case with the Sagittarius cluster, relic of a previous galaxy and satellite of the Milky Way that has been cannibalized by it (New Scientist, July 7, 1997). Our universe is still at its rising phase of power accelerated at 10^-10 km/secsec.
The next post will discuss the emergence of complex systems like biological systems, the usual formation of a galaxy and how it gets populated with stars as well as other questions raised by Chris that might not have been answered.
Eddie
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Bruce Fast
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posted 25. March 2006 01:08
Nice to find somebody who knows.
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Edgar E. Escultura
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posted 30. March 2006 04:13
Chris and Bruce,
Thanks, Bruce.
Before I post my comments on complex systems,
I’d like to clarify some astronomical or cosmological issues.
1) Black hole does not suck matter since it is dark; it is the cosmological vortex that contains and nurtures it that does.
2) When a black hole is inside the eye of a cosmological vortex it is shielded from cosmic wave by the spinning matter around the eye and may not explode. However, when the vortex dies, i.e., the spinning matter around the eye has ground to a halt and kinetic energy has reduced to 0, the black hole in it becomes naked (Hawking’s terminology) and vulnerable to be hit by suitable series of waves that could cause it to explode. Physicists attribute the distant powerful gamma-ray bursts to this kind of black hole explosion.
3) The usual formation of a galaxy (or may be a universe; its a matter scale) is due to the steady shrinking of the superstrings which, combined with the law of uneven development, leads to the formation of nested fractal sets of low pressure that, by flux-low-pressure complementarity, leads to fractal sets of cosmological vortices. Initially, they are black vortices but as dark matter falls into each eye spin rises so does kinetic energy, which is agitational and converts the spinning dark matter around the eye to visible matter, mainly, prima. By the existence of micro component of turbulence law this spinning matter propagates seismic waves (type II cosmic waves) that convert dark matter to cosmic dust which gets drawn into the vortices and collects at their eyes. It is known that 1/1000th of the mass of the Milky Way is cosmic dust which gets collected by the stars, planets and Moons (Astronomy, 1999).
Eddie
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Bruce Fast
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posted 30. March 2006 12:20
Edgar, look up "sarcasm".
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