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Boson

Elementary particles with integer spins which carry (fundamental bosons) or mediate (composite bosons) the actions of force. While fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle, any number of bosons can inhabit the same quantum state at a given time, thus bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics.

Interaction of virtual bosons with real fermions (particles of matter) is called fundamental interaction, and gives rise to all forces we know. These are gage bosons and mediate the strong (gluons) and weak (W and Z vector bosons) nuclear forces, electromagnetism (photons) and gravity (gravitons). Particle physists have postulated the existence of a boson that mediates the Higgs field, imparting mass to matter. High energy experiments have not yet detected the Higgs boson at predicted energy levels.

Web Resources On Boson

gage boson
Boson (Wikipedia)

Book Resources On Boson

The Interacting Boson Model by F. Iachello, A. Arima.
Strongly Correlated Fermions and Bosons in Low-Dimensional Disordered Systems by Igor V. Lerner, et. al.
The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? by Dick Teresi and Leon Lederman

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