The NeuronThe neuron is the fundamental cell that comprises the nervous system of an organism. It is referred to as a nerve cell, and is what allows an organism to monitor its external environment as well as its internal operations. The neuron is also responsible for determining the appropriate response to the data gathered from the outer and inner signals, as well as for controlling the body as demanded by the chosen response.
In the human brain there are around 100 billion neurons, each containing pieces of information that need to be transmitted from one neuron to another in order for the body to function properly. It is through this transmission of information that neurons communicate with each other. Communication between neurons is vital, since without it no degree of information contained in any one neuron would be worth anything. This communication is made possible by the synapses that are located in between neurons and that act as connectors when fueled by special chemicals known as neurotransmitters.
Although there are a number of specialized neuron types, certain components are universally present. All neurons have dendrites, the receptors of information from other neurons. All have somas, containers of nuclei and the organelles required for proper function. Also, all have axons, transmitters of information to other neurons.
Neurons are often categorized by their functional role in the nervious system. Sensory neurons transmit information from the sensory organs to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to muscles, directing muscle movement. Visceral neurons connect internal organs to the central nervous system. Somatic neurons connect skin and muscle to the central nervous system.
Web Resources On The Neuron
Wikipedia: Neurons
Neuron Basics
Book Resources On The NeuronThe Neuron: Cell and Molecular Biology by Irwin B. Levitan, Leonard K. Kaczmarek
From Neuron to Brain: A Cellular and Molecular Approach to the Function of the Nervous System by A. Robert Martin, et al
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